Education in Indonesia
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Education in Indonesia
 |
Ministry of Education and Culture
Ministry of Religious Affairs |
Minister of Education and Culture
Minister of Religious Affairs |
Professor Muhammad Nuh
Suryadharma Ali |
| National education budget (2006) |
| Budget |
US $4.18 billion |
| General details |
| Primary languages |
Indonesian |
| System type |
Curriculum |
| Competency-based curriculum |
October 14, 2004 |
| Literacy (2005) |
| Total |
90.4 |
| Male |
94.0 |
| Female |
86.8 |
| Primary |
31.8 million |
| Secondary |
18.6 million |
The students in pramuka (boy scout) uniform studying.
The students listen the explanation and examine the model of Jawi temple during their study tour at
Trowulan Museum, East Java, Indonesia.
Education in Indonesia is under the responsibility of the Ministry of Education and Culture (
Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan or
Kemdikbud) and the Ministry of Religious Affairs (
Kementerian Agama or
Kemenag).
In Indonesia, all citizens must undertake nine years of compulsory
education which consists of six years at elementary level and three in
secondary level.
Islamic schools are under the responsibility of the Ministry of Religious Affairs.
Education is defined as a planned effort to establish a study
environment and education process so that the student may actively
develop his/her own potential to gain the religious and spiritual level,
consciousness, personality,
intelligence, behavior and
creativity to him/herself, other citizens and for the nation. The
Constitution
also notes that education in Indonesia is divided into two major parts,
formal and non-formal. Formal education is further divided into three
levels, primary, secondary and tertiary education.
Schools in Indonesia are run either by the government (
negeri) or private sectors (
swasta). Some private schools refer to themselves as "
national plus schools"
which means that they intend to go beyond the minimum government
requirements, especially with the use of English as medium of
instruction or having an international-based curriculum instead of the
national one.
History
Early kingdoms
Education system in the era of Hindu-Buddhist civilization is called
karsyan. Karsyan is a place of hermitage. This method is highly religious, aimed to draw oneself closer to God.
Era of Islamic states
The emergence of Islamic state in Indonesia is noted by the
acculturation of both Islamic tradition and Hindu-Buddhist tradition. At
this time period,
pondok pesantren,
a type of Islamic boarding school was introduced and several of them
were established. The location of pesantren is mostly faraway from the
hustling crowd of the city, resembling the location of Karsyan.
Colonial era
Elementary education was introduced by the
Dutch
in Indonesia during the colonial era. Initially, it was reserved for
the Dutch (and other Europeans) only. In 1870, with the growth of
Dutch Ethical Policy formulated by
Conrad Theodor van Deventer, some of these Dutch-founded schools opened the doors for
bumiputera (lit. native Indonesians). They were called
Sekolah Rakjat (lit. folk school), the embryo of what is called
Sekolah Dasar (lit. elementary school) today.
[1]
The Dutch introduced a system of formal education for the local
population of Indonesia, although this was restricted to certain
privileged children. The system they introduced was roughly similar to
the current structure, with the following levels:
- ELS (Dutch: Europeesche Lagere School) - Primary School for Europeans
- HIS (Dutch: Hollandsch-Inlandsche School) - Primary School for Natives
- MULO (Dutch: Meer Uitgebreid Lager Onderwijs) - Middle School
- AMS (Dutch: Algeme(e)ne Middelbare School) - High School or College
- HBS (Dutch:Hogere Burger School) - Pre-University
The segregation between Dutch and Indonesian in Education pushed
several Indonesian figures to start educational institutions for local
people.
Ahmad Dahlan founded
Muhammadiyah in November 1912, and
Ki Hajar Dewantara founded
Taman Siswa in July 1922. Pesantrens were also mushrooming rapidly during this time period.
[2]
The Dutch colonial government also established a number of universities for native Indonesian on the island of
Java, such as
[3]:
- School Tot Opleiding Van Indische Artsen or STOVIA, a medical school in Batavia
- Nederland-Indische Artsen School, or NIAS, a medical school in Surabaja
- Rechts Hoge School, a law school in Batavia
- De Technische Hoges School, or THS, a technic school in Bandoeng
By the 1930s, the Dutch had introduced limited formal education to nearly every province of the Dutch East Indies.
School grades
The school year is divided into two semesters. The first commences in
July and ends in December while the latter commences in January and
ends in June.
Curriculum education
| Type of Science |
Subjects |
Grade |
| # |
Name |
# |
Name |
Primary School |
Middle School |
High School |
|
|
|
|
1st |
2nd |
3rd |
4th |
5th |
6th |
7th |
8th |
9th |
10th |
11th (NS) |
12th (NS) |
11th (SS) |
12th (SS) |
| 1 |
Education |
1 |
Religious Studies |
 |
| 2 |
Civics |
| 3 |
Physical Education |
| 4 |
Information Technology and Communication |
| 2 |
Language (and Literature) |
1 |
Bahasa Indonesia |
|
| 2 |
English |
| 3 |
Traditional/Local Language (Sundanese, Javanese, Balinese, et al.) |
| 4 |
Foreign Language (Mandarin, Arabic, French, German, et al.) |
| 3 |
Natural |
1 |
Mathematics |
|
| 2 |
Physics |
|
 |
| 3 |
Biology |
| 4 |
Chemistry |
|
|
| 4 |
Social |
1 |
History |
|
| 2 |
Geography |
|
|
|
| 3 |
Economics |
| 4 |
Sociology |
|
|
| 5 |
Arts |
1 |
Music |
|
|
| 2 |
Painting |
| 3 |
Skill |
| 4 |
Dancing |
| Total subjects |
13 |
16 |
13 |
Early education
From the age of 2, some children in Indonesia attend
pre-school playgroup, known as
PAUD (Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini). From the age of 4, they attend
kindergarten (Taman Kanak-Kanak).
This education is not compulsory for Indonesian citizens, as it is
aimed to prepare them for Primary Schooling. Of the 49,000 kindergartens
in Indonesia, 99.35% of them are
privately operated schools.
[4] The kindergarten years are usually divided into "Class A" and "Class B" students spending a year in each class.
Primary School
Children aged 6–11 attend
Sekolah Dasar (SD) (lit. Primary
School). This level is compulsory for all Indonesian citizens, according
to the Constitution. In contrast to the majority of privately run
kindergartens, most elementary schools are government-operated public
schools, accounting for nearly 93% of all elementary schools in
Indonesia.
[5]
Similar to education systems in the U.S. and Australia, students must
spend six years to complete this level. Some schools offer an
accelerated learning program, where students who perform well can
complete the level in five years.
Madrasah Ibtidaiyah (MI) is the Islamic schooling alternative to SD, following a curriculum with more focus on Arabic and Islam.
Middle School
Middle School, generally known by the abbreviation "SMP" (
Sekolah Menengah Pertama) is part of
basic education in
Indonesia.
After graduating from primary school, students attend Middle School for
three years from the age of 12 to 14. After three years of schooling
and graduation, students may move on to High School.
Madrasah Tsanawiyah (MTs) is the Islamic schooling equivalent of SMP.
High School
A public High School in Jakarta
In
Indonesia, there are two types of High School. The first is generally known by the abbreviation "SMA" (
Sekolah Menengah Atas) and second is SMK (
Sekolah Menengah Kejuruan).
SMA differs from SMK in their studies. The students at SMA are prepared
to continue their study to university while students of SMK are
prepared to be ready to work after graduation, even sans university
education. SMA is the Indonesian equivalent of
university-preparatory school while SMK resembles more of a
vocational school.
Students attending SMA will be divided into three group of studies in
their 11th grade, i.e. Science, Social studies, and Linguistics.
According to the Constitution, this level of education is not
compulsory. Such a fact is reflected by the lower number of High Schools
in Indonesia, which is slightly below 9,000.
[6]
Madrasah Aliyah (MA) is the Islamic schooling equivalent of SMA while
Madrasah Aliyah Kejuruan (MAK) is the equivalent of SMK.
Higher education
After graduation from High School, students may attend an institution
of higher education of their choice. The higher education institution
is categorized into two types: public and private. Both are supervised
by the Ministry of National Education. There are four types of higher
education institution: Universities, Institutes, Academies, and
Polytechnics.
Sekolah Luar Biasa
Students with disabilities/special needs may alternately opt to be enrolled in a separate school from the mainstream called
Sekolah Luar Biasa (lit. Extraordinary School).
Foreign students
Most of the 6,000 foreign students studying in Indonesian universities hail from
Malaysia.
In particular, they are in the fields of Medicine, Pharmacy,
Literature, Humanities, Islamic Studies and Engineering and majority are
sponsored by the Malaysian government themselves. These foreign
students are widely spread across Indonesia in almost all government
universities such as Universitas Sumatera Utara,
University of Indonesia,
Gadjah Mada University and also in private institutions like
Universitas Kristen Krida Wacana (UKRIDA) and
Bandung Institute of Technology.
[7]
See also
References
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