Education in Indonesia
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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| Ministry of Education and Culture Ministry of Religious Affairs |
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|---|---|
| Minister of Education and Culture Minister of Religious Affairs |
Professor Muhammad Nuh Suryadharma Ali |
| National education budget (2006) | |
| Budget | US $4.18 billion |
| General details | |
| Primary languages | Indonesian |
| System type | Curriculum |
| Competency-based curriculum | October 14, 2004 |
| Literacy (2005) | |
| Total | 90.4 |
| Male | 94.0 |
| Female | 86.8 |
| Primary | 31.8 million |
| Secondary | 18.6 million |
Education is defined as a planned effort to establish a study environment and education process so that the student may actively develop his/her own potential to gain the religious and spiritual level, consciousness, personality, intelligence, behavior and creativity to him/herself, other citizens and for the nation. The Constitution also notes that education in Indonesia is divided into two major parts, formal and non-formal. Formal education is further divided into three levels, primary, secondary and tertiary education.
Schools in Indonesia are run either by the government (negeri) or private sectors (swasta). Some private schools refer to themselves as "national plus schools" which means that they intend to go beyond the minimum government requirements, especially with the use of English as medium of instruction or having an international-based curriculum instead of the national one.
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History
Early kingdoms
Education system in the era of Hindu-Buddhist civilization is called karsyan. Karsyan is a place of hermitage. This method is highly religious, aimed to draw oneself closer to God.Era of Islamic states
The emergence of Islamic state in Indonesia is noted by the acculturation of both Islamic tradition and Hindu-Buddhist tradition. At this time period, pondok pesantren, a type of Islamic boarding school was introduced and several of them were established. The location of pesantren is mostly faraway from the hustling crowd of the city, resembling the location of Karsyan.Colonial era
Elementary education was introduced by the Dutch in Indonesia during the colonial era. Initially, it was reserved for the Dutch (and other Europeans) only. In 1870, with the growth of Dutch Ethical Policy formulated by Conrad Theodor van Deventer, some of these Dutch-founded schools opened the doors for bumiputera (lit. native Indonesians). They were called Sekolah Rakjat (lit. folk school), the embryo of what is called Sekolah Dasar (lit. elementary school) today.[1]The Dutch introduced a system of formal education for the local population of Indonesia, although this was restricted to certain privileged children. The system they introduced was roughly similar to the current structure, with the following levels:
- ELS (Dutch: Europeesche Lagere School) - Primary School for Europeans
- HIS (Dutch: Hollandsch-Inlandsche School) - Primary School for Natives
- MULO (Dutch: Meer Uitgebreid Lager Onderwijs) - Middle School
- AMS (Dutch: Algeme(e)ne Middelbare School) - High School or College
- HBS (Dutch:Hogere Burger School) - Pre-University
The Dutch colonial government also established a number of universities for native Indonesian on the island of Java, such as[3]:
- School Tot Opleiding Van Indische Artsen or STOVIA, a medical school in Batavia
- Nederland-Indische Artsen School, or NIAS, a medical school in Surabaja
- Rechts Hoge School, a law school in Batavia
- De Technische Hoges School, or THS, a technic school in Bandoeng
School grades
The school year is divided into two semesters. The first commences in July and ends in December while the latter commences in January and ends in June.| Level/Grade | Typical age |
|---|---|
| Preschool | |
| Pre-school playgroup | 3-4 |
| Kindergarten | 4-6 |
| Primary School | |
| 1st Grade | 6–7 |
| 2nd Grade | 7–8 |
| 3rd Grade | 8–9 |
| 4th Grade | 9–10 |
| 5th Grade | 10–11 |
| 6th Grade | 11–12 |
| Middle School | |
| 7th grade | 12-13 |
| 8th Grade | 13-14 |
| 9th Grade | 14-15 |
| High School | |
| 10th Grade | 15–16 |
| 11th Grade | 16–17 |
| 12th Grade | 17–18 |
| Post-secondary education | |
| Tertiary education (College or University) | Ages vary (usually four years, referred to as Freshman, Sophomore, Junior and Senior years) |
| Graduate education | |
| Adult education | |
Curriculum education
| Type of Science | Subjects | Grade | |||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| # | Name | # | Name | Primary School | Middle School | High School | |||||||||||||||||||
| 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 4th | 5th | 6th | 7th | 8th | 9th | 10th | 11th (NS) | 12th (NS) | 11th (SS) | 12th (SS) | ||||||||||||
| 1 | Education | 1 | Religious Studies |  |
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| 2 | Civics | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 3 | Physical Education | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 4 | Information Technology and Communication | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2 | Language (and Literature) | 1 | Bahasa Indonesia | |
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| 2 | English | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 3 | Traditional/Local Language (Sundanese, Javanese, Balinese, et al.) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 4 | Foreign Language (Mandarin, Arabic, French, German, et al.) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 3 | Natural | 1 | Mathematics | |
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| 2 | Physics | |
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| 3 | Biology | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 4 | Chemistry | |
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| 4 | Social | 1 | History | |
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| 2 | Geography | |
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| 3 | Economics | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 4 | Sociology | |
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| 5 | Arts | 1 | Music | |
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| 2 | Painting | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 3 | Skill | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 4 | Dancing | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total subjects | 13 | 16 | 13 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Early education
From the age of 2, some children in Indonesia attend pre-school playgroup, known as PAUD (Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini). From the age of 4, they attend kindergarten (Taman Kanak-Kanak). This education is not compulsory for Indonesian citizens, as it is aimed to prepare them for Primary Schooling. Of the 49,000 kindergartens in Indonesia, 99.35% of them are privately operated schools.[4] The kindergarten years are usually divided into "Class A" and "Class B" students spending a year in each class.Primary School
Children aged 6–11 attend Sekolah Dasar (SD) (lit. Primary School). This level is compulsory for all Indonesian citizens, according to the Constitution. In contrast to the majority of privately run kindergartens, most elementary schools are government-operated public schools, accounting for nearly 93% of all elementary schools in Indonesia.[5] Similar to education systems in the U.S. and Australia, students must spend six years to complete this level. Some schools offer an accelerated learning program, where students who perform well can complete the level in five years.Madrasah Ibtidaiyah (MI) is the Islamic schooling alternative to SD, following a curriculum with more focus on Arabic and Islam.
Middle School
Middle School, generally known by the abbreviation "SMP" (Sekolah Menengah Pertama) is part of basic education in Indonesia. After graduating from primary school, students attend Middle School for three years from the age of 12 to 14. After three years of schooling and graduation, students may move on to High School.Madrasah Tsanawiyah (MTs) is the Islamic schooling equivalent of SMP.
High School
Madrasah Aliyah (MA) is the Islamic schooling equivalent of SMA while Madrasah Aliyah Kejuruan (MAK) is the equivalent of SMK.
Higher education
After graduation from High School, students may attend an institution of higher education of their choice. The higher education institution is categorized into two types: public and private. Both are supervised by the Ministry of National Education. There are four types of higher education institution: Universities, Institutes, Academies, and Polytechnics.| Type of Degree | Indonesian Term | Equivalent in English-Speaking Countries |
|---|---|---|
| Diploma 3 (D3) | Ahli Madya | Associate's Degree |
| Diploma 4 (D4) | Sarjana | Bachelor's Degree |
| Sarjana 1 (S1) | Sarjana | Bachelor's Degree |
| Sarjana 2 (S2) | Magister | Master's Degree |
| Sarjana 3 (S3) | Doktor | Doctoral Degree |
Sekolah Luar Biasa
Students with disabilities/special needs may alternately opt to be enrolled in a separate school from the mainstream called Sekolah Luar Biasa (lit. Extraordinary School).Foreign students
Most of the 6,000 foreign students studying in Indonesian universities hail from Malaysia. In particular, they are in the fields of Medicine, Pharmacy, Literature, Humanities, Islamic Studies and Engineering and majority are sponsored by the Malaysian government themselves. These foreign students are widely spread across Indonesia in almost all government universities such as Universitas Sumatera Utara, University of Indonesia, Gadjah Mada University and also in private institutions like Universitas Kristen Krida Wacana (UKRIDA) and Bandung Institute of Technology.[7]See also
References
- ^ http://infocondet.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=108&Itemid=38
- ^ http://tinulad.wordpress.com/sedikit-uraian-sejarah-pendidikan/
- ^ http://attaubah60.multiply.com/journal/item/6
- ^ Kindergarten statistics between 2004-2005 http://www.depdiknas.go.id/statistik/thn04-05/TK_0405.htm
- ^ Primary School statistics between 2004-2005 http://www.depdiknas.go.id/statistik/thn04-05/SD_0405.htm
- ^ High School statistics between 2004-2005 http://www.depdiknas.go.id/statistik/thn04-05/SMA_0405.htm
- ^ http://waspada.co.id/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=195290:foreign-students-in-indonesia-mostly-malaysians&catid=30:english-news&Itemid=101
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